Basic Sentence Structure in English
تركيب الجملة الأساسي في الإنجليزية
Introduction
Understanding sentence structure is the foundation of speaking and writing English correctly. Unlike Arabic, which has flexible word order, English follows a fixed word order.
This guide explains the basic sentence structures in English with clear rules, examples, and common mistakes to avoid.
المقدمة
فهم تركيب الجملة هو أساس التحدث والكتابة بالإنجليزية بشكل صحيح. على عكس العربية التي تتمتع بترتيب كلمات مرن، تتبع الإنجليزية ترتيب كلمات ثابتًا.
يشرح هذا الدليل تراكيب الجمل الأساسية في الإنجليزية مع قواعد واضحة وأمثلة وأخطاء شائعة لتجنبها.
1. The Basic SVO Structure
١. هيكل الفاعل-الفعل-المفعول
The Basic Rule: English sentences follow this order:
Subject + Verb + Object
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول
| Subject (S) | Verb (V) | Object (O) |
| I | eat | an apple. |
| She | reads | a book. |
| He | drives | a car. |
| They | built | a house. |
| We | love | English. |
القاعدة الأساسية: تتبع الجمل الإنجليزية هذا الترتيب:
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول
Subject + Verb + Object
| الفاعل (S) | الفعل (V) | المفعول (O) |
| I | eat | an apple. |
| She | reads | a book. |
| He | drives | a car. |
| They | built | a house. |
| We | love | English. |
What is each part?
- Subject (الفاعل): Who or what does the action? (من يقوم بالفعل)
- Verb (الفعل): What is the action? (ما هو الفعل؟)
- Object (المفعول): Who or what receives the action? (من أو ما يقع عليه الفعل؟)
ما هو كل جزء؟
- Subject (الفاعل): من يقوم بالفعل؟
- Verb (الفعل): ما هو الفعل؟
- Object (المفعول): من أو ما يقع عليه الفعل؟
Common Mistake:
- ❌ An apple I eat. (Arabic word order)
- ✅ I eat an apple. (English word order)
خطأ شائع:
- ❌ An apple I eat. (ترتيب عربي)
- ✅ I eat an apple. (ترتيب إنجليزي)
2. Subject + Verb (Intransitive)
٢. الفاعل + الفعل (اللازم)
Structure: Subject + Verb (NO object needed)
Subject + Verb
الفاعل + الفعل
| Subject | Verb |
| The sun | shines. |
| She | slept. |
| They | arrived. |
| He | cried. |
| The baby | laughed. |
الهيكل: الفاعل + الفعل (بدون مفعول به)
الفاعل + الفعل
Subject + Verb
| الفاعل | الفعل |
| The sun | shines. |
| She | slept. |
| They | arrived. |
| He | cried. |
| The baby | laughed. |
Common Intransitive Verbs:
- sleep, cry, laugh, arrive, go, come, sit, stand, lie, fall
- rain, snow, shine (weather verbs)
أفعال شائعة لا تتعدى:
- sleep, cry, laugh, arrive, go, come, sit, stand, lie, fall
- rain, snow, shine (أفعال الطقس)
Note: These verbs do NOT need an object to complete their meaning.
ملاحظة: هذه الأفعال لا تحتاج إلى مفعول به لإكمال معناها.
3. Subject + Verb + Object (Transitive)
٣. الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول (المتعدي)
Structure: Subject + Verb + Object (needs an object)
Subject + Verb + Object
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول
| Subject | Verb | Object |
| She | reads | a book. |
| He | ate | an apple. |
| They | built | a house. |
| I | love | you. |
| We | need | help. |
الهيكل: الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول (يحتاج إلى مفعول به)
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول
Subject + Verb + Object
| الفاعل | الفعل | المفعول |
| She | reads | a book. |
| He | ate | an apple. |
| They | built | a house. |
| I | love | you. |
| We | need | help. |
Common Transitive Verbs:
- eat, drink, read, write, buy, sell, build, make, love, hate
- need, want, see, hear, find, take, give, send
أفعال شائعة تتعدى:
- eat, drink, read, write, buy, sell, build, make, love, hate
- need, want, see, hear, find, take, give, send
Common Mistake:
- ❌ She reads. (incomplete — reads what?)
- ✅ She reads a book.
خطأ شائع:
- ❌ She reads. (غير مكتملة — تقرأ ماذا؟)
- ✅ She reads a book.
4. Subject + Verb + Complement
٤. الفاعل + الفعل + المتمم
Structure: Subject + Verb + Complement (describes the subject)
Subject + Verb + Complement
الفاعل + الفعل + المتمم
| Subject | Verb (To Be) | Complement |
| He | is | a doctor. |
| She | is | beautiful. |
| They | are | students. |
| I | am | tired. |
| The weather | was | cold. |
الهيكل: الفاعل + الفعل + المتمم (يصف الفاعل)
الفاعل + الفعل + المتمم
Subject + Verb + Complement
| الفاعل | الفعل (To Be) | المتمم |
| He | is | a doctor. |
| She | is | beautiful. |
| They | are | students. |
| I | am | tired. |
| The weather | was | cold. |
Using Other Linking Verbs:
- She seems happy.
- He became famous.
- The food smells delicious.
- You look tired.
استخدام أفعال ربط أخرى:
- (تبدو سعيدة). She seems happy.
- (أصبح مشهورًا). He became famous.
- (الطعام تفوح منه رائحة شهية). The food smells delicious.
- (تبدو متعبًا). You look tired.
Complement Types:
- Noun complement: He is a teacher.
- Adjective complement: She is beautiful.
- Adverb/Preposition complement: They are at home.
أنواع المتمم:
- متمم اسمي: (هو معلم). He is a teacher.
- متمم صفة: (هي جميلة). She is beautiful.
- متمم ظرف/حرف جر: (هم في المنزل). They are at home.
5. Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
٥. الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول غير المباشر + المفعول المباشر
Structure: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object
Subject + Verb + IO + DO
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول غير المباشر + المفعول المباشر
| Subject | Verb | Indirect Object | Direct Object |
| She | gave | me | a gift. |
| He | sent | her | a letter. |
| They | bought | us | dinner. |
| I | told | him | the truth. |
الهيكل: الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول غير المباشر + المفعول المباشر
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول غير المباشر + المفعول المباشر
Subject + Verb + IO + DO
| الفاعل | الفعل | المفعول غير المباشر | المفعول المباشر |
| She | gave | me | a gift. |
| He | sent | her | a letter. |
| They | bought | us | dinner. |
| I | told | him | the truth. |
Alternative Structure (with “to” or “for”):
- She gave a gift to me.
- He sent a letter to her.
- They bought dinner for us.
هيكل بديل (مع “to” أو “for”):
- She gave a gift to me.
- He sent a letter to her.
- They bought dinner for us.
Common Verbs with Two Objects:
- give, send, show, tell, teach, buy, make, cook, bring
أفعال شائعة مع مفعولين:
- give, send, show, tell, teach, buy, make, cook, bring
Tip: Indirect Object = WHO receives the action. Direct Object = WHAT is received.
نصيحة: المفعول غير المباشر = من يتلقى الفعل. المفعول المباشر = ما يتم تلقيه.
6. Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
٦. الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول + المتمم
Structure: Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول + المتمم
| Subject | Verb | Object | Object Complement |
| They | named | him | the manager. |
| She | painted | the wall | blue. |
| We | considered | her | a genius. |
| He | made | everyone | happy. |
الهيكل: الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول + المتمم
الفاعل + الفعل + المفعول + المتمم
Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement
| الفاعل | الفعل | المفعول | المتمم |
| They | named | him | the manager. |
| She | painted | the wall | blue. |
| We | considered | her | a genius. |
| He | made | everyone | happy. |
Common Verbs:
- name, call, make, consider, think, find, keep, paint, dye
أفعال شائعة:
- name, call, make, consider, think, find, keep, paint, dye
Object Complement Types:
- Noun complement: They named him the manager.
- Adjective complement: She painted the wall blue.
أنواع المتمم:
- متمم اسمي: (سموه المدير). They named him the manager.
- متمم صفة: (طلت الجدار باللون الأزرق). She painted the wall blue.
7. Negative Sentences
٧. الجمل المنفية
Structure for Negative Sentences:
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + NOT + Main Verb + Object
الفاعل + الفعل المساعد + NOT + الفعل الرئيسي + المفعول
| Sentence Type | Example |
| Present Simple | I do not like coffee. |
| Present Continuous | She is not sleeping. |
| Past Simple | He did not go to school. |
| Future | They will not come. |
| With “To Be” | I am not tired. |
هيكل الجمل المنفية:
الفاعل + الفعل المساعد + NOT + الفعل الرئيسي + المفعول
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + NOT + Main Verb + Object
| نوع الجملة | مثال |
| مضارع بسيط | I do not like coffee. |
| مضارع مستمر | She is not sleeping. |
| ماضي بسيط | He did not go to school. |
| مستقبل | They will not come. |
| مع “To Be” | I am not tired. |
Short Forms:
| Full Form | Short Form |
| do not | don’t |
| does not | doesn’t |
| did not | didn’t |
| is not | isn’t |
| are not | aren’t |
| was not | wasn’t |
| were not | weren’t |
| will not | won’t |
الاختصارات:
| الصيغة الكاملة | الصيغة المختصرة |
| do not | don’t |
| does not | doesn’t |
| did not | didn’t |
| is not | isn’t |
| are not | aren’t |
| was not | wasn’t |
| were not | weren’t |
| will not | won’t |
8. Question Sentences
٨. جمل الاستفهام
Structure for Yes/No Questions:
Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object?
الفعل المساعد + الفاعل + الفعل الرئيسي + المفعول؟
| Question Type | Example |
| With “To Be” | Are you happy? |
| Present Simple | Do you like coffee? |
| Past Simple | Did he go to school? |
| Future | Will they come? |
هيكل أسئلة بنعم/لا:
الفعل المساعد + الفاعل + الفعل الرئيسي + المفعول؟
Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object?