The Verb “To Be” — Complete Guide
فعل الكينونة — دليل شامل
Introduction
The verb “to be” is the most important and most frequently used verb in English. It is used to describe states, identities, locations, and characteristics. It is also used as an auxiliary verb to form continuous tenses and the passive voice.
This guide covers everything you need to know about the verb “to be” — from basic forms to advanced usage.
المقدمة
فعل “to be” هو الفعل الأكثر أهمية والأكثر استخدامًا في اللغة الإنجليزية. يُستخدم لوصف الحالات والهويات والمواقع والخصائص. كما يُستخدم كفعل مساعد لتكوين الأزمنة المستمرة والمبني للمجهول.
يغطي هذا الدليل كل ما تحتاج معرفته عن فعل “to be” — من الصيغ الأساسية إلى الاستخدامات المتقدمة.
1. Basic Forms of “To Be”
١. الصيغ الأساسية لفعل الكينونة
Present Tense Forms:
| Subject | Full Form | Short Form |
| I | am | I’m |
| You | are | you’re |
| He | is | he’s |
| She | is | she’s |
| It | is | it’s |
| We | are | we’re |
| They | are | they’re |
صيغ المضارع:
| الفاعل | الصيغة الكاملة | الصيغة المختصرة |
| I | am | I’m |
| You | are | you’re |
| He | is | he’s |
| She | is | she’s |
| It | is | it’s |
| We | are | we’re |
| They | are | they’re |
Past Tense Forms:
| Subject | Full Form | Short Form |
| I | was | I was (no contraction) |
| You | were | you were (no contraction) |
| He/She/It | was | he/she/it was (no contraction) |
| We | were | we were (no contraction) |
| They | were | they were (no contraction) |
صيغ الماضي:
| الفاعل | الصيغة الكاملة | الصيغة المختصرة |
| I | was | I was (بدون اختصار) |
| You | were | you were (بدون اختصار) |
| He/She/It | was | he/she/it was (بدون اختصار) |
| We | were | we were (بدون اختصار) |
| They | were | they were (بدون اختصار) |
Future Tense Forms:
- I will be / I’ll be
- You will be / You’ll be
- He/She/It will be / He’ll be, She’ll be, It’ll be
- We will be / We’ll be
- They will be / They’ll be
صيغ المستقبل:
- I will be / I’ll be
- You will be / You’ll be
- He/She/It will be / He’ll be, She’ll be, It’ll be
- We will be / We’ll be
- They will be / They’ll be
Negative Forms:
| Present | Past | Future |
| I am not / I’m not | I was not / I wasn’t | I will not be / I won’t be |
| You are not / You aren’t | You were not / You weren’t | You will not be / You won’t be |
| He is not / He isn’t | He was not / He wasn’t | He will not be / He won’t be |
| We are not / We aren’t | We were not / We weren’t | We will not be / We won’t be |
| They are not / They aren’t | They were not / They weren’t | They will not be / They won’t be |
صيغ النفي:
| المضارع | الماضي | المستقبل |
| I am not / I’m not | I was not / I wasn’t | I will not be / I won’t be |
| You are not / You aren’t | You were not / You weren’t | You will not be / You won’t be |
| He is not / He isn’t | He was not / He wasn’t | He will not be / He won’t be |
| We are not / We aren’t | We were not / We weren’t | We will not be / We won’t be |
| They are not / They aren’t | They were not / They weren’t | They will not be / They won’t be |
2. Uses of “To Be”
٢. استخدامات فعل الكينونة
1. Describing Identity:
- I am a teacher.
- She is my sister.
- They are doctors.
١. وصف الهوية:
- (أنا مدرس). I am a teacher.
- (هي أختي). She is my sister.
- (هم أطباء). They are doctors.
2. Describing Characteristics:
- He is tall.
- The weather is beautiful.
- You are very kind.
٢. وصف الخصائص:
- (هو طويل). He is tall.
- (الطقس جميل). The weather is beautiful.
- (أنت لطيف جدًا). You are very kind.
3. Describing Location:
- I am at home.
- The keys are on the table.
- She is in the office.
٣. وصف الموقع:
- (أنا في المنزل). I am at home.
- (المفاتيح على الطاولة). The keys are on the table.
- (هي في المكتب). She is in the office.
4. Describing States/Feelings:
- I am tired.
- They are happy.
- She is angry.
٤. وصف الحالات/المشاعر:
- (أنا متعب). I am tired.
- (هم سعداء). They are happy.
- (هي غاضبة). She is angry.
5. Describing Age:
- I am 25 years old.
- He is 30.
- They are teenagers.
٥. وصف العمر:
- (عمري ٢٥ سنة). I am 25 years old.
- (عمره ٣٠). He is 30.
- (هم مراهقون). They are teenagers.
6. Describing Time & Date:
- It is 3 o’clock.
- Today is Monday.
- It is January 1st.
٦. وصف الوقت والتاريخ:
- (الساعة الثالثة). It is 3 o’clock.
- (اليوم الاثنين). Today is Monday.
- (إنه الأول من يناير). It is January 1st.
7. As an Auxiliary Verb (Continuous Tenses):
- I am studying English. (Present Continuous)
- She was sleeping. (Past Continuous)
- They will be working. (Future Continuous)
٧. كفعل مساعد (الأزمنة المستمرة):
- (أنا أدرس الإنجليزية – مضارع مستمر). I am studying English.
- (كانت نائمة – ماضي مستمر). She was sleeping.
- (سيكونون يعملون – مستقبل مستمر). They will be working.
8. As an Auxiliary Verb (Passive Voice):
- The letter was written.
- The house is being built.
- The project will be completed.
٨. كفعل مساعد (المبني للمجهول):
- (الرسالة كُتبت). The letter was written.
- (المنزل قيد البناء). The house is being built.
- (سيتم إكمال المشروع). The project will be completed.
3. Questions with “To Be”
٣. الأسئلة مع فعل الكينونة
Yes/No Questions:
| Structure | Example |
| Am I…? | Am I late? |
| Are you…? | Are you ready? |
| Is he…? | Is he a doctor? |
| Is she…? | Is she at home? |
| Is it…? | Is it cold outside? |
| Are we…? | Are we on time? |
| Are they…? | Are they coming? |
أسئلة بنعم/لا:
| الهيكل | مثال |
| Am I…؟ | (هل أنا متأخر؟). Am I late? |
| Are you…؟ | (هل أنت جاهز؟). Are you ready? |
| Is he…؟ | (هل هو طبيب؟). Is he a doctor? |
| Is she…؟ | (هل هي في المنزل؟). Is she at home? |
| Is it…؟ | (هل الجو بارد بالخارج؟). Is it cold outside? |
| Are we…؟ | (هل نحن في الوقت المحدد؟). Are we on time? |
| Are they…؟ | (هل هم قادمون؟). Are they coming? |
Wh-Questions:
| Question Word | Example |
| Who | Who is he? |
| What | What is your name? |
| Where | Where are you? |
| When | When is the meeting? |
| Why | Why are you sad? |
| How | How are you? |
| How old | How old are you? |
| How much | How much is it? |
أسئلة بأدوات الاستفهام:
| أداة الاستفهام | مثال |
| Who | (من هو؟). Who is he? |
| What | (ما اسمك؟). What is your name? |
| Where | (أين أنت؟). Where are you? |
| When | (متى الاجتماع؟). When is the meeting? |
| Why | (لماذا أنت حزين؟). Why are you sad? |
| How | (كيف حالك؟). How are you? |
| How old | (كم عمرك؟). How old are you? |
| How much | (كم سعره؟). How much is it? |
Short Answers:
| Positive | Negative |
| Yes, I am. | No, I’m not. |
| Yes, you are. | No, you aren’t. |
| Yes, he is. | No, he isn’t. |
| Yes, she is. | No, she isn’t. |
| Yes, it is. | No, it isn’t. |
| Yes, we are. | No, we aren’t. |
| Yes, they are. | No, they aren’t. |
إجابات قصيرة:
| الإثبات | النفي |
| Yes, I am. | No, I’m not. |
| Yes, you are. | No, you aren’t. |
| Yes, he is. | No, he isn’t. |
| Yes, she is. | No, she isn’t. |
| Yes, it is. | No, it isn’t. |
| Yes, we are. | No, we aren’t. |
| Yes, they are. | No, they aren’t. |
4. Common Mistakes with “To Be”
٤. الأخطاء الشائعة مع فعل الكينونة
Mistake 1: Omitting “To Be”
- ❌ She happy.
- ✅ She is happy.
الخطأ الأول: حذف فعل الكينونة
- ❌ She happy.
- ✅ (هي سعيدة). She is happy.
Mistake 2: Using Wrong Form
- ❌ They is here.
- ✅ They are here.
- ❌ I are ready.
- ✅ I am ready.
الخطأ الثاني: استخدام صيغة خاطئة
- ❌ They is here.
- ✅ (هم هنا). They are here.
- ❌ I are ready.
- ✅ (أنا جاهز). I am ready.
Mistake 3: Confusing “Be” with “Have”
- ❌ I am 25 years.
- ✅ I am 25 years old.
- ❌ He is a headache.
- ✅ He has a headache.
الخطأ الثالث: الخلط بين Be و Have
- ❌ I am 25 years.
- ✅ (عمري ٢٥ سنة). I am 25 years old.
- ❌ He is a headache.
- ✅ (لديه صداع). He has a headache.
Mistake 4: “There is / There are” Confusion
- ❌ There is many people.
- ✅ There are many people.
- ❌ There are a book.
- ✅ There is a book.
الخطأ الرابع: الخلط بين There is / There are
- ❌ There is many people.
- ✅ (هناك العديد من الأشخاص). There are many people.
- ❌ There are a book.
- ✅ (هناك كتاب). There is a book.
Mistake 5: Using “To Be” with Adjectives of Feeling
- ❌ I am exciting. (I cause excitement)
- ✅ I am excited. (I feel excitement)
- ❌ The movie is boring. (Correct! The movie causes boredom)
- ✅ I am bored. (I feel boredom)
الخطأ الخامس: استخدام To Be مع صفات الشعور
- ❌ (أنا مثير – أسبب الإثارة). I am exciting.
- ✅ (أنا متحمس – أشعر بالإثارة). I am excited.
- ❌ (صحيح! الفيلم ممل – يسبب الملل). The movie is boring.
- ✅ (أنا أشعر بالملل). I am bored.
Mistake 6: “To Be” with Age
- ❌ I have 25 years.
- ✅ I am 25 years old.
الخطأ السادس: To Be مع العمر
- ❌ I have 25 years.
- ✅ (عمري ٢٥ سنة). I am 25 years old.
5. “To Be” vs “Have”
٥. الفرق بين To Be و Have
TO BE = State, Identity, Location, Characteristics (حالة، هوية، موقع، خصائص)
| Example | Meaning |
| I am hungry. | State (حالة) |
| She is a doctor. | Identity (هوية) |
| We are at home. | Location (موقع) |
| They are tall. | Characteristic (خاصية) |
TO BE = حالة، هوية، موقع، خصائص
| مثال | المعنى |
| I am hungry. | حالة |
| She is a doctor. | هوية |
| We are at home. | موقع |
| They
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